The decline of church and government patronage and its replacement by a private art market combined in the nineteenth century, along with other factors, to encourage an almost entirely secular art. In addition, the training and development of artists also changed dramatically. The importance of formal training programs and schools, typically emphasizing traditional techniques and the importance of history and mythological subjects, gradually diminished. In France, landscape painting became the dominant genre during the second half of the nineteenth century, with artists working outdoors, directly from nature, in increasingly free and more personal styles. Works in this gallery include one by the leading academic artist of his day, Jean-Léon Gérôme, as well as those by members of the French avant-garde, Charles Daubigny, Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, and Ker-Xavier Roussel.